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He granted independence to Algeria and acted progressively towards other French colonies. He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war, much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs (ethnic French born in Algeria) and the military both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule. He founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency, and he was elected to continue in that role. When the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic, the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis. He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs, which quickly became a staple of modern French literature. Frustrated by the return of petty partisanship in the new Fourth Republic, he resigned in early 1946 but continued to be politically active as founder of the Rassemblement du Peuple FranГ§ais (RPF 'Rally of the French People'). As early as 1944, de Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy, which included substantial state-directed control over a capitalist economy which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth, known as the Trente Glorieuses. He became head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944, the interim government of France following its liberation.

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Despite frosty relations with the United States, he generally had Winston Churchill's support and emerged as the undisputed leader of Free France. He led the Free French Forces and later headed the French National Liberation Committee against the Axis. Refusing to accept his government's armistice with Germany, de Gaulle fled to England and exhorted the French to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. He was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times and later taken prisoner at Verdun. He was elected President of France later that year, a position to which he was reelected in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969.Д«orn in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum. In 1958, he came out of retirement when appointed President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) by President RenГ© Coty. Charles AndrГ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( / d Й™ Л€ ЙЎ oКЉ l, - Л€ ЙЎ Й”Лђ l/ French pronunciation: ( listen) 22 November 1890В вЂ“ 9 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.

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